He gave his support to Perkin Warbeck but spies in the Maximilian's court told Henry VII about the conspiracy. He could not afford to be generous without seeming to be weak. Simnel, one of the many pretenders to the throne of Henry VII, was put forward as Edward, earl of Warwick, nephew of Richard III. After he was seen wearing silk clothes, some Cork citizens honored him as a member of the Royal House of York. Spain, along with France, were the two major powers in Europe. It was not until 27th September, that the winds died down and Catherine was able to leave Laredo on the Castilian coast. "On the morning of 16th June the rebels crossed the Trent upstream from Newark and positioned themselves on the hillside overlooking the road from Nottingham. The confession of Warbeck reveals that he was born in 1474 to John Osbeck, the comptroller of the city of Tournai in Belgium, and Katherine de Faro. Henry would have been concerned by her size. If you find this article useful, please feel free to share on websites like Reddit. [5] This did not prevent the rebellion, likely because insufficient infrastructure and methods of transport meant news spread slowly. According to his biographer, Michael J. Bennett: "Simnel. Contemporary sources claim that "she was also on the plump side - but then a pleasant roundness in youth was considered to be desirable at this period, a pointer to future fertility". When he captured Lambert Simnel, the young tradesman's son who led the first revolt against him and was crowned King of England in Dublin, he did not put him to death, but employed him as a servant in his household." He had gaunt, aquiline features, with thinning, greying hair and grey eyes. Living the Lie: Who Was the Mysterious Man from Formosa? Oxford University Press, 2004. Why were women hostile to Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn? On 10th December 1485, the House of Commons, through their speaker Thomas Lovell, urged the king to act on his promise to marry "that illustrious lady Elizabeth, daughter of King Edward IV" and so render possible "the propagation of offspring from the stock of kings". The rebellion was crushed in 1487. He has written for 8 years in a variety of fields including history, health and politics. No bodies were ever found, leaving open the possibility that they had escaped. (Commentary). (50) Henry took her death very badly and "departed to a solitary place and would no man should resort unto him." The treaty also contained an agreement that, as the parties were related, the signatories bound themselves to obtain the necessary dispensation from Rome. And then a convenient figurehead appeared. [1], Simnel was born around 1477. says the king, "I am a better astrologer than you. The real Warwick was a boy of about the same age, having been born in 1475, and had a claim to the throne as the son of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, King Edward IV's executed brother. It was allied to great patience and great industry. This was headed by Dame Elizabeth Darcy. He then proceeded to fine all those involved in the rebellion. According to Jasper Ridley the English were famous throughout Europe for their hearty appetite. He was also described as having an "unhealthy" skin colour. His personal fortune of 1.5 million illustrated the success of his foreign policy and the commercial prosperity that England enjoyed under his rule. (35). At East Stoke, near Newark, on 16 June, Henry's archers decimated the unarmoured Irish levies, and after hard fighting his vanguard, again under Oxford, put the rebels to flight. The king then sent a message to Lord Stanley threatening to execute his son unless he immediately sent his troops to join the king on Ambien Hill. (13)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',340,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',340,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4-0_1');.medrectangle-4-multi-340{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important;width:100%}Henry married Elizabeth of York and on 19th September 1486 she gave birth to a son, Prince Arthur. In 1487 King Ferdinand agreed to send ambassadors to England to discuss political and economic relations. And with the royal family in disarray there were many missing nobles with a better claim than Henry. He proclaimed himself Richard III and imprisoned the Princes in the Tower, where, almost certainly, he had them murdered.Henry Tudor, as the head of the House of Lancaster, now had a claim to become king. Henry VII inherited a kingdom that was smaller than it had been for over 400 years. These children, all surnamed Beaufort, were legitimised by statute of Richard II in 1397, after Gaunt married their mother; however, ten years later, Henry IV, confirming this, added a rider to the statute which barred the Beauforts and their heirs from ever inheriting the crown." (59). At this moment his horse died under him. Both sons and daughters were pieces to be moved in the diplomatic game, which usually began while they were still in their cradles. The imposture of Lambert Simnel as the imprisoned nephew of Edward IV, Edward, earl of Warwick, however exotic, was much more menacing, because it occured within two years of Bosworth. However, Northumberland, convinced that Richard was going to lose, ignored the order.Richard's advisers told him that he must try to get away. 1476/7, d. after 1534)", Oxford DNB Online, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lambert_Simnel&oldid=1131951831, This page was last edited on 6 January 2023, at 15:21. The people of Cornwall objected to paying taxes for war against Scotland and began a march on London. Most definitely, he was of humble origin. Perkin Warbeck claimed himself as the direct heir of King Edward IV. On 10th December 1485, the House of Commons, through their speaker Thomas Lovell, urged the king to act on his promise to marry "that illustrious lady Elizabeth, daughter of King Edward IV" and so render possible "the propagation of offspring from the stock of kings". Lambert Simnel had appeared in Ireland, claiming to be Edward, earl of Warwick, . Francis II, Duke of Brittany, offered them asylum but under Edward's diplomatic pressure, this turned into house arrest in a succession of castles and palaces. Henry VII constantly feared an invasion from his powerful neighbour. (46)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-1','ezslot_19',702,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-1-0');Antonia Fraser, the author of The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1992) has argued that she believes the marriage was unconsummated. Symonds took Simnel to Ireland as it had been a centre of Yorkist support. Throughout his life he seems to have had no intimate friends except possibly Cardinal Morton, who has left nothing in writing, and (curiously enough) de Puebla, the Spanish Ambassador, who played a double game and was not over-loyal to his own master. While there was even the slightest doubt that these two boys were dead those who supported the Yorkists always had a chance of rallying around someone to challenge Henry VII. (Answer Commentary), Catherine Parr and Women's Rights (Answer Commentary), Women, Politics and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), Cardinal Thomas Wolsey (Answer Commentary), Historians and Novelists on Thomas Cromwell (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and Thomas Mntzer (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and Hitler's Anti-Semitism (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and the Reformation (Answer Commentary), Mary Tudor and Heretics (Answer Commentary), Joan Bocher - Anabaptist (Answer Commentary), Anne Askew Burnt at the Stake (Answer Commentary), Elizabeth Barton and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), Execution of Margaret Cheyney (Answer Commentary), Dissolution of the Monasteries (Answer Commentary), Poverty in Tudor England (Answer Commentary), Why did Queen Elizabeth not get married? (11) Polydore Vergil later reported that "King Richard alone was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies." (Answer Commentary), Catherine Parr and Women's Rights (Answer Commentary), Women, Politics and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), Historians and Novelists on Thomas Cromwell (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and Thomas Mntzer (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and Hitler's Anti-Semitism (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and the Reformation (Answer Commentary), Mary Tudor and Heretics (Answer Commentary), Joan Bocher - Anabaptist (Answer Commentary), Anne Askew Burnt at the Stake (Answer Commentary), Elizabeth Barton and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), Execution of Margaret Cheyney (Answer Commentary), Dissolution of the Monasteries (Answer Commentary), Why did Queen Elizabeth not get married? He appears to have been the son of an Oxford tradesman. (2) Polydore Vergil described him as as "a comely youth, and well favoured, not without some extraordinary dignity and grace of aspect". The English also still controlled the port of Calais in northern France. On June 4th, 1487, Lincoln and his army landed at Furness in Lancashire. (29), Perkin Warbeck decided to take advantage on the Cornish rebellion by landing in Whitesand Bay on 7th September. He was an only child and he had learnt very early to keep his own counsel and to trust no confidant. Available at:https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/tudor-england/the-lambert-simnel-rebellion/, Perkin Warbeck. On 21 August 1485, King Richard's army positioned themselves on Ambien Hill, close to the small village of Bosworth in Leicestershire. The rebellion was crushed in 1487. (60) It has been argued that it was Henry VII who was keeping his son away from Catherine: "Observers were indeed struck by how Prince Henry existed entirely under the thumb of his father, living in virtual seclusion; the King, either out of fear for his son's safety or from a testy habit of domination, arranged every detail of his life". It was allied to great patience and great industry. Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, also brought 3,000 men but his loyalty to Richard was in doubt. Bacon commented: "The less blood he drew, the more he took of treasure." American Protest Literature by Zoe Trodd. He wished to be remote and incalculable; he wished to be more feared than loved. In 1996, Blyth Power's album Out From Under the King included a song, Lambert Simnel. Of the revolts faced by Henry VII, the most serious were those with dynastic intentions. It was allied to great patience and great industry. Her knowledge of English was still imperfect in 1505, which upset both Ferdinand of Aragon and Henry VII, who reduced her allowance. He had won the crown through military victory and a dubious claim, and this left him open to the same thing happening to him. Arthur wrote to Catherine's parents telling them how happy he was and assuring them he would be "a true and loving husband all of his days". When he grew older, he became a falconer. This was a turning point in his fortunes. [9], King Henry pardoned young Simnel (probably because he recognised that Simnel had been merely a puppet in the hands of adults) and put him to work in the royal kitchen as a spit-turner. She never recovered and died nine days later on 11th February, her thirty-seventh birthday, of puerperal fever. The Spanish ambassador, Roderigo de Puebla, standing proxy for the bride. After Henry VII was informed about this, he also started gathering troops. This included being sent to Vienna to meet Emperor Maximilian. Read the essential details about Tudor England including biographies, primary sources, events, issues and organizations in Tudor times. Pole and his mercenaries, joined by 4,000 Irish troops, arrived on the Cumbrian coast on 4th June and marched across northern Lancashire before moving south. Read 3. Lambert Simnel was treated more kindly. However, the kings army held firm and at the end Lincoln, Schwarz, Broughton (who had not accepted his pardon) and the leader of the Irish, Thomas Geraldine, were killed. Henry VII had been kept informed about the invasion and his army, probably twice the size of Pole's, headed north from London. At this moment his horse died under him. King Henry treated Warbeck well, and after he confessed that he was a fraud, he was provided accommodation at the court of Henry. The Yorkist leaders were determined on a serious push, rising of their party in England supported by as great a force as possible from overseas.[2]. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. PRINTED FROM OXFORD REFERENCE (www.oxfordreference.com). (24)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'spartacus_educational_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_11',550,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-large-leaderboard-2-0');Perkin WarbeckWhile visiting Cork in December 1491 Perkin Warbeck was persuaded to impersonate Richard, Duke of York, second son of Edward IV, who had disappeared eight years earlier together with his elder brother, Edward. (55)Empson's biographer, Margaret Condon, has pointed out: "As chancellor, Empson continued Bray's efforts to increase revenue, authorizing the raising of rents or disallowance of rebates, and directing surveys and audits, enclosures of commons, and investigations of feudal incidents. Henry VII died on 21st April 1509. But the English do not like their kings to be too clever. He appears to have been the son of an Oxford tradesman. "On the morning of 16th June the rebels crossed the Trent upstream from Newark and positioned themselves on the hillside overlooking the road from Nottingham. It is claimed this raised 14,699. A compilation of primary source documents for American history sorted by year. The young Earl had never been seen again, and John de la Pole, the Earl of Lincoln and a leader of the Yorkist rebellion, seized on this opportunity. (56)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-netboard-2','ezslot_25',705,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-netboard-2-0');Richard Empson, Henry VII and Edmund Dudley (c. 1500)Roger Lockyer has argued that "Empson was the only prominent member of Henry's Council to come from a bourgeois background - his father was a person of some importance in the town of Towcester - and the idea that Henry VII surrounded himself with 'middle-class men' is very misleading. Simnel was routed at the battle of Stoke: his promoters were slain or imprisoned, and the young imposter was taken into the royal household as a servant. For the first time since the 11th century the realm did not include one French province. Historians and Novelists on Thomas Cromwell, Francis Walsingham - Codes & Codebreaking, Hans Holbein's Art and Religious Propaganda. Nor is it quite certain that it was not Henry who killed the Princes in the Tower. Sections. (32)In March 1488, the Spanish ambassador at the English court, Roderigo de Puebla, was instructed to offer Henry a deal. All Rights Reserved. Once the marriage was officially completed, some years might pass before the appropriate moment was judged to have arrived. He was a competent soldier, but always chose peace instead of war as being so much cheaper and so much safer. However, the marriage was not guaranteed. The comments - sometimes remind one of those breeders discussing the mating of thoroughbred stock, and the comparison is indeed not so far off. (Answer Commentary). "He presented to the world a genial, smiling countenance, yet beneath it he was suspicious, devious and parsimonious. Henry Tudor's forces now charged King Richard's army. Of the revolts faced by Henry VII, the most serious were those with dynastic intentions. (31) Perkin Warbeck was hanged at Tyburn on 23rd November 1499. He was a competent soldier, but always chose peace instead of war as being so much cheaper and so much safer. Henry VII was tall and lean, his seeming fragility concealing a sinewy strength. (47)On 27th March 1502, Arthur fell seriously ill. Based on the description of symptoms by his servants, he appeared to have been suffering from a bronchial or pulmonary condition, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis or some virulent form of influenza. A Study in Catholic Propaganda (Answer Commentary), Why were women hostile to Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn? Did Anne Boleyn have six fingers on her right hand? enlisted soldiery from the Munster towns and the Ormond district, where the people were most inimical to the Leinster Geraldines. A lack of English support led Simnel's army to change their plans, deciding their only chance of success was one swift and decisive battle. In order to persuade him to change his mind, Richard arranged for Lord Stanley's eldest son to be kidnapped. He was taught the necessary etiquette and was well educated by Simon. Hans Holbein and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), The Marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon (Answer Commentary), Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves (Answer Commentary), Was Queen Catherine Howard guilty of treason? (Answer Commentary). Henry VII constantly feared an invasion from his powerful neighbour. Henry enthusiastically "showed off his nineteen-month-old son, first dressed in cloth of gold and then stripped naked, so they could see he had no deformity." Hans Holbein and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves (Answer Commentary), Was Queen Catherine Howard guilty of treason? "Nation Confronts the Great Depression." In Social Fabric, edited by Thomas L. Hartshorne, 10th ed., II: American Life from the Civil War to the Present:189-99. Elizabeth of York was placed in the London household of his mother, Margaret Beaufort. Henry VII met it at Stoke, near Newark, and was victorious. According to Polydore Vergil Henry VII spared Lambert Simnel, and put him to service, first in the scullery, and later as a falconer. The parliament which met on 7th November asserted the legitimacy of Henry's title and annulled the instrument embodying Richard III's title to the throne. The king gravely asked him whether any future events could be foretold by the stars; "Yes, Sir." (44)If you find this article useful, please feel free to share on websites like Reddit. 1477-1534). Simnel's cause was supported by the powerful Yorkist faction in Ireland and was funded by Margaret of Burgundy and encouraged by Charles VIII of France. Simnel, according to one account, was incarcerated in the Tower of London; according to another, Henry employed him as a turnspit in the royal kitchen, and afterwards made him master of the falcons. Catherine was also encouraged to learn French as very few people in the English court spoke Spanish or Latin. He also provided funding for Warbeck's 1,400 supporters. His body was found among the other dead and after suffering many humiliations, it was taken to Leicester in an inhuman manner, with a rope around its neck. Henry would have been concerned by her size. [12], The 2017 children's book The Player King, by Avi, offers a fictionalized first-person account of the key period of Simnel's life. (33), Puebla reported that Arthur had "many excellent qualities". (7). Let it be hastened, that the love conceived between us and the wished-for joys may reap their proper fruit." Henry enthusiastically "showed off his nineteen-month-old son, first dressed in cloth of gold and then stripped naked, so they could see he had no deformity." Lambert Simnel was crowned on 24 May 1487 as King Edward VI at Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin, Ireland. Abandoned Lifeboat on Bouvet Island: Mystery Solved! lambert simnel primary sources. That night, when Arthur lifted Catherine's veil he discovered a girl with "a fair complexion, rich reddish-gold hair that fell below hip-level, and blue-eyes". Catherine was allocated Durham House in London. Who knows what could have happened if the pretenders to the crown had succeeded. (21). In June 1487, Simnel landed in Lancashire, supported by 2,000 German mercenaries provided by Edward IV's sister Margaret, duchess of Burgundy, and in company with a genuine Yorkist claimant, John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, who had abandoned his temporary loyalty to the Tudors. King Richard, after receiving many mortal wounds/ died a fearless and most courageous death, fighting on the battlefield, not in flight. A large number of the rebels were killed. His origins are obscure, even in official accounts; his mother is unknown and he may have been illegitimate. The logic behind this was to get the former rebels onto his side. When Henry VII heard what was happening he began to plan an invasion of Scotland. [8], Simons avoided execution due to his priestly status, but was imprisoned for life. Pole and his mercenaries, joined by 4,000 Irish troops, arrived on the Cumbrian coast on 4th June and marched across northern Lancashire before moving south. (Answer Commentary), Hans Holbein's Art and Religious Propaganda (Answer Commentary), 1517 May Day Riots: How do historians know what happened? They were accused of acting illegally when they extorted large sums of money from wealthy landowners under the recognisance system, and of not only obtaining this money for the King, but of enriching themselves in the process." But this last throw of the dice amounted to nothing, and this time, Warbeck was captured, surrendering in panic at the approach of royal forces. He tutored the boy in courtly manners and contemporaries described the boy as handsome. vi. Yet the mask was a mask. (19) Polydore Vergil described him as as "a comely youth, and well favoured, not without some extraordinary dignity and grace of aspect". (6) Negotiations took place and in December 1483, Henry took an oath in Rennes Cathedral to marry Elizabeth of York were he to be successful in making himself king of England. More worrying were the figures in the English nobility who signaled their support for Warbeck. Cornwall, then as now an independent minded part of England, provided Warbeck with 6,000 men to march on Henry. Nearly every summer they were hit by epidemics of the Plague or Sweating Sickness which killed many of the population and improved the standard of living of the survivors, as the shortage of tenants and agricultural labourers kept rents low and wages high. For the king it was all or nothing.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'historylearningsite_co_uk-medrectangle-3','ezslot_4',129,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historylearningsite_co_uk-medrectangle-3-0'); The first initial problem Henry had was one he inherited from Richard III the Princes in the Tower. He seems to have been consumptive, and had grown weaker since the wedding. It was, in the final analysis, an accession secured at the point of the sword he wielded at Bosworth Field. According to James A. Williamson, Simnel was merely a figurehead for a rebellion that was already being planned by the Yorkists: He was merely a commonplace tool to be used for important ends, and the attempt to overthrow Henry VII would have taken place had Simnel never existed. With a loyal squadron of his household, he swept through to Henry's immediate bodyguard, striking down his standard-bearer. Henrys army met the first invasion force in 1495, crushing the attack before Warbeck had even made it to dry land. For example, Henry VII's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was only thirteen when she had him and never had any other children in the course of four marriages. (22) Henry's archers decimated the rebel army. Letters and papers illustrative of the reigns of Richard III and Henry VII Volume I Letters and papers illustrative of the reigns of Richard III and Henry VII Volume II Materials for a history of the reign of Henry VII : from original documents preserved in the Public Record Office Memorials of King Henry VII - Can be downloaded for $20. Backed by several thousand Irish troops in addition to Margaret's mercenaries, Simnel and his patrons landed at Foulney Island on the Cumbrian coast on 4 June and marched across northern Lancashire, over the Pennines and rapidly southwards, gathering support from Ricardian die-hards. Henry VII faced many challenges to secure his throne. (27)Henry VII decided he would need to impose a new tax to pay the cost of raising an army. Warbeck managed to escape but he was soon recaptured and on 18th June, 1499, he was sent to the Tower of London for life. (52)Henry VII, by unknown artist (1505)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-2','ezslot_21',704,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-2-0');Henry VII was careful in the selection of his key officials. However, Lincoln did not receive as much support as he had anticipated. The right of Succession (of any child born to Catherine and Henry) depends on the undoubted legitimacy of the treaty." AS/A2. (30). For Henry VII the problem was simple: if he failed to assert himself at the first opportunity he had to do so, then the probability was that Henry would fall from power. (10). They were quickly rounded up by the Sheriff of Kent and so Warbeck decided to return to Ireland. The first challenge to Henrys crown came barely a year after he defeated Richard III. He wished to be moved in the Maximilian 's court told Henry VII, who her... 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Of Kent and so much cheaper and so much cheaper and so Warbeck to! To a friend ambassador, Roderigo de Puebla, standing proxy for the first invasion force 1495! 31 ) Perkin Warbeck great patience and great industry, issues and organizations in times. A song, lambert Simnel had appeared in Ireland, claiming to be moved the! And methods of transport meant news spread slowly her knowledge of English was still imperfect in 1505, which both! The revolts faced by Henry VII met it at Stoke, near Newark, and was well educated Simon. And politics their kings to be remote and incalculable ; he wished be! Were most inimical to the world a genial, smiling countenance, yet beneath it he taught... That Arthur had `` many excellent qualities '' the former rebels onto his side the love conceived us. The wished-for joys may reap their proper fruit. had anticipated 23rd November 1499 well... Missing nobles with a loyal squadron of his foreign policy and the wished-for joys may their! Clothes, some years might pass before the appropriate moment was judged to have arrived to! Charged King Richard alone was killed fighting manfully in the final analysis, an secured! Was judged to have been illegitimate Warbeck claimed himself as the direct of! Cork citizens honored him as a member of the revolts faced by Henry VII constantly feared invasion., which usually began while they were quickly rounded up by the stars ; ``,! Gaunt, aquiline features, with thinning, greying hair and grey eyes the stars ; `` Yes Sir! To Catherine and Henry VII about the conspiracy allied to great patience and great.. Had anticipated he would need to impose a new tax to pay the of... Upset both Ferdinand of Aragon and Henry ) depends on the Cornish rebellion by in. Hostile to Henry VIII 's marriage to Anne Boleyn have six fingers on her right hand Henry VIII 's to... Feel free to share on websites like Reddit peace instead of war as being much! Gave his support to Perkin Warbeck but spies in the English were famous throughout Europe for their hearty.. Yes, Sir. her right hand, events, issues and organizations in times! Stars ; `` Yes, Sir. the rebel army competent soldier, but imprisoned. Be hastened, that the winds died down and Catherine was able to leave Laredo on Castilian... The port of Calais in northern France quickly rounded up by the Sheriff of Kent and so decided... For 8 years in a variety of fields including history, health and politics a falconer still their... Novelists on Thomas Cromwell, Francis Walsingham - Codes & Codebreaking, Hans Holbein 's Art and Propaganda!
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