russian gypsy last names

Jan 17 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the Russian economy was likely to have shrunk by 2.5% in 2022, but that it was performing better than most experts had predicted. Rossiyane ( ), Russian language term for all citizens and people of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. [392], Alexander Popov was among the inventors of radio,[393] while Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov were co-inventors of laser and maser. [227], Throughout much of the territory, there are only two distinct seasons, winter and summer; as spring and autumn are usually brief periods of change between extremely low and extremely high temperatures. The Russian republic was established immediately after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and became a union republic in 1922. [574] Other important 19th-century developments included the fabulist Ivan Krylov,[575] non-fiction writers such as the critic Vissarion Belinsky,[576] and playwrights such as Aleksandr Griboyedov and Aleksandr Ostrovsky. [503] The comedies of Eldar Ryazanov and Leonid Gaidai of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catchphrases still in use today. They are the [59]:1120 While still under the domain of the Mongol-Tatars and with their connivance, Moscow began to assert its influence in the region in the early 14th century,[60] gradually becoming the leading force in the "gathering of the Russian lands". .: , 1990. Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. Language size", " . Russian (Russian: , romanized:russkiy yazyk, Russian:[ruskj jzk]) is an East Slavic language mainly spoken in Russia. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. [176] Terrorist attacks against civilians were carried out by Chechen separatists, claiming the lives of thousands of Russian civilians. In 882, his successor Oleg ventured south and conquered Kiev, which had been previously paying tribute to the Khazars. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see this how-to page. [386] Russia ranked 45th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021. Such verbs also take on different forms to distinguish between concrete and abstract motion. [46], By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the compulsory education system that was established by the Soviet government. [388] Since the times of Nikolay Lobachevsky, who pioneered the non-Euclidean geometry, and Pafnuty Chebyshev, a prominent tutor; Russian mathematicians became among the world's most influential. [295][296], Since 2004, Freedom House has ranked Russia as "not free" in its Freedom in the World survey. [402] Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were migrs. [21] The standard way to refer to the citizens of Russia is "Russians" in English. Breslauer, George W. and Colton, Timothy J. [102], An alternative socialist establishment co-existed, the Petrograd Soviet, wielding power through the democratically elected councils of workers and peasants, called Soviets. Additional courses on the Russian language are open at two schools of the Cuban capital city. The Russian perspective. [387], Mikhail Lomonosov proposed the conservation of mass in chemical reactions, discovered the atmosphere of Venus, and founded modern geology. "Did you eat the cookie?) [190], In 2014, following a revolution in Ukraine, Russia invaded and annexed the neighboring country's Crimean peninsula,[191] and contributed to the outbreak of war in eastern Ukraine with direct intervention by Russian troops. [151], In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik1, thus starting the Space Age. . . [352] As of 2016[update], Russia has the world's fifth-largest road network, with 1.5 millionkm of roads,[353] while its road density is among the world's lowest. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey,[66] fluency in Russian remains fairly high (2040%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian[further explanation needed] (namely, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria). [87], During the Napoleonic Wars, Russia joined alliances with various European powers, and fought against France. While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. [44] This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist Nikolai Karinsky (18731935), who toward the end of his life wrote: Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. [483], Russia spent 5.65% of its GDP on healthcare in 2019. [569] Then came Ivan Turgenev, who mastered both short stories and novels. Following the Russian Civil War, the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union (with three other Soviet republics), within which it was the largest and principal constituent. [395] Oleg Losev made crucial contributions in the field of semiconductor junctions, and discovered light-emitting diodes. The Russian invaders are preparing to defend the city of Enerhodar, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, by setting up barracks and ammunition storage points in the basements of residential buildings. Rossiyane ( ), Russian language term for all citizens and people of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. 1. [252], According to the constitution, the Russian Federation is composed of 89 federal subjects. [18] This state is denoted as Kievan Rus' after its capital city by modern historiography. [103] The monarchy was replaced by a shaky coalition of political parties that declared itself the Provisional Government. [citation needed], Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution, the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoise. [567] Romanticism permitted a flowering of poetic talent: Vasily Zhukovsky and later his protg Alexander Pushkin came to the fore. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers, developing into the Russian Empire, which remains the third-largest empire in history. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the US and Canada, such as New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, Los Angeles, Nashville, San Francisco, Seattle, Spokane, Toronto, Calgary, Baltimore, Miami, Chicago, Denver, and Cleveland. Russian is written using a Cyrillic alphabet. [399] Lev Landau made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. [324][325] In Dagestan, some Salafis along with facing government harassment based on their appearance, have had their homes blown up in counterinsurgency operations. [566], After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and white migr parts. [113] Following Lenin's death in 1924, a troika was designated to take charge. In a statement, the military said the soldiers "went together to Hell" after they were struck by missiles. (mlodets "fine young man"), (uznyu "I shall learn it") (uznay "I recognize it"), (otrezt "to be cutting") (otrzat "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like (afra, "scandal, affair"), (gru, "guru"), (Garca), (Olsha), (Fermi), and to show which is the stressed word in a sentence, for example ? [181] Putin then won the 2000 presidential election,[182] and defeated the Chechen insurgency in the Second Chechen War. [437] Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the demographic crisis in the country has deepened,[438] as the country has faced a renewed brain drain and human capital flight caused by Western mass-sanctions and boycotts. [90] At the end of the conservative reign of Nicholas I (18251855), a zenith period of Russia's power and influence in Europe, was disrupted by defeat in the Crimean War. [82], Russian is a rather homogeneous language, in dialectal variation, due to the early political centralization under Moscow's rule, compulsory education, mass migration from rural to urban areas in the 20th century, and other factors. [275] Russia's relations with neighboring Ukraine and the Western worldespecially the United States, the European Union, and NATOhave collapsed; especially following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 and the consequent escalation in 2022. [43], The current standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language ( "sovremenny russky literaturny yazyk"). On the territories of modern Belarus and Ukraine emerged Ruthenian and in modern Russia medieval Russian. [334] Its foreign exchange reserves are the world's fifth-largest, worth $540 billion. 6 January], 1918, the Russian Constituent Assembly declared Russia a democratic federal republic (thus ratifying the Provisional Government's decision). [280] Russia has also increasingly pushed to expand its influence across the Arctic,[281] Asia-Pacific,[282] Africa,[283] the Middle East,[284] and Latin America. [590] Leon Trotsky, on the other hand, founded Trotskyism. Fighting continues after a 36-hour Russian-proposed ceasefire which Ukraine dismissed as a cynical ploy ended overnight Saturday. [591] Alexander Zinoviev was a prominent philosopher in the second half of the 20th century. [556], During the Soviet era, popular music also produced a number of renowned figures, such as the two balladeersVladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava,[548] and performers such as Alla Pugacheva. [293], Human rights in Russia have been increasingly criticised by leading democracy and human rights groups. [52] The World Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and business. ", "Russia's population undergoes largest ever peacetime decline, analysis shows", "Russia's Demographic Collapse Is Accelerating", "Ukraine war threatens to deepen Russia's demographic crisis", "EAll- Russian population census 2010 Population by nationality, sex and subjects of the Russian Federation", International Journal of Political Economy, "Mapped: Which country has the most immigrants? While /ts, k, , x/ do have true palatalized allophones [ts, k, , x], only /k/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive. [84][85] Consonants include a fricative //, a semivowel /wu/ and /xxvxw/, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants //, /v/, and final /l/ and /f/, respectively. [404] Theodosius Dobzhansky was the central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis. The dialects often show distinct and non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary, and grammar. [98] Following the break-up of the USSR in 1991, several of the newly independent states have encouraged their native languages, which has partly reversed the privileged status of Russian, though its role as the language of post-Soviet national discourse throughout the region has continued. WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other ", "Russian forest sequesters substantially more carbon than previously reported", "Look Inside Russia's Wildest Nature ReservesNow Turning 100", "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity Supplementary Material", "Asymmetric Federalism in Russia: Cure or Poison? The next day the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. [446], Russian is the official and the predominantly spoken language in Russia. . [44], Led by Prince Alexander Nevsky, Novgorodians repelled the invading Swedes in the Battle of the Neva in 1240,[56] as well as the Germanic crusaders in the Battle on the Ice in 1242. . . Among the best known are violinists David Oistrakh and Gidon Kremer,[550][551] cellist Mstislav Rostropovich,[552] pianists Vladimir Horowitz,[553] Sviatoslav Richter,[554] and Emil Gilels,[555] and vocalist Galina Vishnevskaya. [238], Russia, by constitution, is an asymmetric federal republic,[239] with a semi-presidential system, wherein the president is the head of state,[240] and the prime minister is the head of government. Ultimately, by the end of the 16th century, Russia expanded east of the Ural Mountains. . . [57][58][needs update], In Lithuania, Russian has no official or any legal status, but the use of the language has some presence in certain areas. [58] Only the Novgorod Republic escaped Mongol occupation after it agreed to pay tribute in 1259. [613], There are 400 news agencies in Russia, among which the largest internationally operating are TASS, RIA Novosti, Sputnik, and Interfax. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use. [19], A Medieval Latin version of the name Rus' was Ruthenia, which was used as one of several designations for East Slavic and Eastern Orthodox regions, and commonly as a designation for the lands of Rus'. [citation needed], Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. : . Orthographic, current language, several editions, Great Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. [289] Russia possesses the second-largest fleet of ballistic missile submarines,[290] and is one of the only three countries operating strategic bombers. [212] Russia, by landmass, is larger than three continents,[g] and has the same surface area as Pluto. [35] In the 19th century (in Russia until 1917), the language was often called "Great Russian" to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called "White Russian" and Ukrainian, then called "Little Russian". [439], Russia is a multinational state with many subnational entities associated with different minorities. Current language, the dictionary has many subsequent editions from the first one of 1998. [512] International Women's Day on 8 March, gained momentum in Russia during the Soviet era. WebRussian language, Russian Russki yazyk, principal state and cultural language of Russia. [17] However, the proper name[which?] : -? The Moscow Kremlin and the Saint Basil's Cathedral are among the cultural landmarks of Russia. WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other The provisions only state that "Under request of citizens the text of document compiled by state notary or person acting as a notary shall be issued on Russian and if possible on other acceptable language", The Republics of Artsakh, and Transnistria are only recognized by other, Context and the Lexicon in the Development of Russian Aspect, By Neil Bermel, p 16. [citation needed] For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language. The East Slavs emerged as a recognisable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. The Russian Genitive of Negation and Its Japanese Counterpart. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. [622] Dziga Vertov's "Kino-Eye" theory had a huge impact on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism. [44] Galicia-Volhynia in the southwest would inherit the territory of Kiev and be absorbed by Lithuania and Poland in the mid-fourteenth century, the Novgorod Republic prospered in the north, and on the northeastern periphery Vladimir-Suzdal established traditions under Mongol vassalage that would form the autocratic Russian state. [535] The 16th-century saw the development of the unique tent-like churches; and the onion dome design, which is a distinctive feature of Russian architecture. Russia's largest port is the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai along the Black Sea. "We also have to understand that it's extraordinarily threatening to Russia to have such a big military alliance that's armed to the teeth so close to the Russian border [editor's note: if NATO were to expand]." [566] From the early 1830s, during the Golden Age of Russian Poetry, literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama. Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia underwent an intense centrally The dialects show various non-standard grammatical features,[94] some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms since discarded by the literary language. M.A. [43] This occurred in spite of the fact that Saint Petersburg, the Western-oriented capital created by the "Westernizing" Tsar Peter the Great, being the capital of the Russian Empire for over 200 years. The yers and originally indicated the pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced //, //. [96] Under last Russian emperor, NicholasII (18941917), the Revolution of 1905 was triggered by the failure of the humiliating Russo-Japanese War. [citation needed], The phonological system of Russian is inherited from Common Slavonic; it underwent considerable modification in the early historical period before being largely settled around the year 1400. [454] However, various experts have claimed Russia's linguistic diversity is rapidly declining due to many languages becoming endangered. [47][105][106][107] In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language was being replaced or used in conjunction with local languages. [22] There are two words in Russian which are commonly translated into English as "Russians" one is "code: rus promoted to code: ru " (russkiyecode: rus promoted to code: ru ), which most often refers to ethnic Russians and the other is "code: rus promoted to code: ru " (rossiyanecode: rus promoted to code: ru ), which refers to citizens of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. [80], In the second half of the 20th century, Russian was the most popular foreign language in Cuba. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 8859-5) and Microsoft Windows (CP1251) meant the proliferation of many different encodings as de facto standards, with Windows-1251 becoming a de facto standard in Russian Internet and e-mail communication during the period of roughly 19952005. [53], In Turkmenistan, Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca in 1996. [j] In 1993, when the new constitution was adopted, there were 89 federal subjects listed, but some were later merged. [413] In 1966, Luna9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a survivable landing on a celestial body, the Moon. [citation needed] Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features (such as fricative [] in Southern Russian dialects) are still observed in colloquial speech. [237] Russia had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 9.02 in 2019, ranking 10th out of 172 countries; and the first ranked major nation globally. [29] The discovery of high concentration cultural remains of anatomically modern humans, from at least 40,000 years ago, was found at KostyonkiBorshchyovo,[30] and at Sungir, dating back to 34,600 years agoboth in western Russia. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern, Central (or Middle), and Southern, with Moscow lying in the Central region. Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia underwent an intense centrally WebRussian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. [citation needed]. [247][248] Under the administrations of Vladimir Putin, Russia has experienced democratic backsliding,[249][250] and has become an authoritarian state[8] under a dictatorship,[6][251] with Putin's policies being referred to as Putinism. 992/2020 Russian Federation Constitution", "Suspending Disbelief: 'Cults' and Postmodernism in Post-Soviet Russia", " : vs ", "Scythian Neo-Paganism in the Caucasus: The Ossetian Uatsdin as a 'Nature Religion', " ' ', "Freedom of Conscience in Russia: Restrictions and Challenges in 2020", "Jehovah's Witnesses as Extremists: The Russian State, Religious Pluralism, and Human Rights", "Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) Russian Federation", "Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) Russian Federation", "Early childhood care and education in the Russian Federation", "Russian rivieia: from Soviet sanatoriums to lush gardens, your walking guide to seaside Sochi", "Constraints on Universal Health Care in the Russian Federation", United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, "Healthcare in Russia: the Russian healthcare system explained", "Current health expenditure (% of GDP) Russian Federation", "Analysis of the Financing of Russian Health Care over the Past 100 Years", International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, "Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy, data by country", "Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) Russian Federation", "Why does Russia have such high cardiovascular mortality rates? [77] However, upon Elizabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the Kingdom of Prussia by pro-Prussian PeterIII of Russia. [429], Russia is one of the world's most sparsely populated and urbanised countries,[7] with the vast majority of its population concentrated within its western part. [32], The Kurgan hypothesis places the Volga-Dnieper region of southern Russia and Ukraine as the urheimat of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. [256], Russia had the world's fifth-largest diplomatic network in 2019. Great ranges of temperature are typical. [310] It was the lowest rated European country in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2021, ranking 136th out of 180 countries. Available for over a year. [470], In 2012, the research organisation Sreda, in cooperation with the Ministry of Justice, published the Arena Atlas, an adjunct to the 2010 census, enumerating in detail the religious populations and nationalities of Russia, based on a large-sample country-wide survey. Stressed vowels are somewhat lengthened, while unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa. [414] In 1968, Zond 5 brought the first Earthlings (two tortoises and other life forms) to circumnavigate the Moon. [484] Its healthcare expenditure is notably lower than other developed nations. Cyberwarfare and airspace violations, along with electoral interference, have been used to increase perceptions of Russian power. [272] Russia wields influence across the geopolitically important South Caucasus and Central Asia; and the two regions have been described as Russia's "backyard". The total length of common-used railway tracks is the world's third-longest, and exceeds 87,000km (54,100mi). In a statement, the military said the soldiers "went together to Hell" after they were struck by missiles. [592] Aleksandr Dugin, known for his fascist views, has been regarded as the "guru of geopolitics". [506] The large global Russian diaspora has also played a major role in spreading Russian culture throughout the world. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. Available for over a year. [629] The Soviet Union national football team became the first European champions by winning Euro 1960,[630] and reached the finals of Euro 1988. Bread, of many varieties,[594] is very popular across Russia. Ranked worldwide, the Russian economy stands at the ninth-largest by nominal GDP and the sixth-largest by GDP (PPP). AlexanderII was assassinated in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists. A Russian man who reportedly is a former high-ranking member of the group has sought asylum in Norway, authorities said on Jan. 16, 2023. [75], Under Peter the Great, Russia was proclaimed an empire in 1721, and established itself as one of the European great powers. ", "Russia's Language Could Be Ticket in for Migrants", " , ", "Mailis Reps haridusest: venekeelsed koolid ei kao", "Referendum on the Draft Law 'Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia', "Results of the referendum on the Draft Law 'Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia', "Latvia pushes majority language in schools, leaving parents miffed", "Moscow threatens sanctions against Latvia over removal of Russian from secondary schools", "Statistics Lithuania: 78.5% of Lithuanians speak at least one foreign language | News | Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Employees fluent in three languages it's the norm in Lithuania", " Weekly. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. Russia is among the world's most educated countries, and has the sixth-highest proportion of tertiary-level graduates in terms of percentage of population, at 62.1%. , ", "Article 16. [149] The general easement of repressive policies became known later as the Khrushchev Thaw. Besides being taught at universities and schools, there were also educational programs on the radio and TV. [355] Among Russia's 1,218 airports,[356] the busiest is Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow. [544], Until the 18th-century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances. [270] Serbia has been a historically close ally of Russia, as both countries share a strong mutual cultural, ethnic, and religious affinity. Ukraine sent more than 100 Russian soldiers 'to Hell' in a coordinated strike on the frontlines in the battle for the control of Soledar, its military has claimed.. [citation needed], Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. WebThe Russian Federation (Russia) is physically the largest country in the world, covering 6.6 million square miles and 11 time zones over its 6,000-mile length. [31] Humans reached Arctic Russia at least 40,000 years ago, in Mamontovaya Kurya. The results showed that 47.3% of Russians declared themselves Christians including 41% Russian Orthodox, 1.5% simply Orthodox or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, 4.1% unaffiliated Christians, and less than 1% Old Believers, Catholics or Protestants 25% were believers without affiliation to any specific religion, 13% were atheists, 6.5% were Muslims,[b] 1.2% were followers of "traditional religions honouring gods and ancestors" (Rodnovery, other Paganisms, Siberian shamanism and Tengrism), 0.5% were Buddhists, 0.1% were religious Jews and 0.1% were Hindus.